Terpenes are the unsung heroes of cannabis, creating the aromas and influencing the effects of each strain. These aromatic compounds don’t just give cannabis its distinctive fragrance — they also play a vital role in shaping your experience.
In this guide, we explore the world of terpenes — what they are, how they work, and how they elevate your cannabis experience.
What Are Terpenes?
Terpenes are natural compounds found in abundance throughout the cannabis plant. They are most concentrated in the trichomes — tiny, hair-like structures that cover the flowers and leaves.
All terpenes are built on the same fundamental chemical structure, represented by the formula (C5H8)n. The “n” indicates the number of repeating isoprene units, which serve as the essential building blocks for these compounds.
Over 150 unique terpenes and around 100 cannabinoids have been discovered in the resin of various cannabis strains. Though invisible to the naked eye, terpenes come in various shapes, including branched, linear, or cyclic structures.
The benefits of terpenes vary depending on the type. They may interact with various pathways in your brain, immune system, and other parts of your body.
6 Common Types of Cannabis Terpenes
1. Myrcene
Myrcene is a powerful aromatic compound that gives cannabis strains a sweet, subtle flavor complemented by spicy, musky, and earthy aromatic notes.
Cannabis strains with high levels of myrcene (greater than 0.5%) tend to deliver powerful sedative effects, commonly known as the “couch-lock” experience. This term describes the intense relaxation and deep sedation some users experience, making them feel as though they are glued to the couch. These effects are typically associated with Cannabis indica strains.
2. Limonene
Limonene is a mono-terpene found in the resin glands of cannabis flowers. It’s widely recognized for its fresh, citrusy aroma and frequently appears in everyday items such as cosmetics, fruit peels, and cleaning products.
Research suggests that limonene has the potential for modulating the synthesis or altering levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA) and serotonin in key areas of the brain linked to stress, depression, and anxiety.
While limonene holds potential for therapeutic benefits, our understanding of how it interacts with the brain and body is still limited, and the precise doses required for these effects are not yet known. Unlike other terpenes with well-defined targets in the brain, limonene’s mechanisms remain unclear and require further research.
3. Humulene
Humulene contributes to the woody, earthy aroma found in strains like Original Glue and Headband. This terpene is also present in various plants, such as sunflowers, tobacco, oranges, and pine trees. Cannabis strains with a hops-like or herbal scent, often with a hint of pepper, typically contain high concentrations of humulene.
Humulene is found in many therapeutic-grade essential oils and has demonstrated antibacterial properties. It has been shown to be effective against the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which is naturally present in the body but can lead to serious diseases and infections.
4. Linalool
Linalool is a fragrant compound that gives many cannabis strains their signature lavender-like aroma. Some people also pick up subtle hints of bergamot, spice, and sweet wood. Linalool is often found in sativas, indicas, and hybrid weeds.
Linalool offers more than just a pleasant fragrance — it also enhances the calming effects of cannabis by promoting relaxation and reducing stress. This compound has long been believed to be the key to lavender’s ability to ease anxiety and improve sleep. A 2021 pilot study revealed that exposure to lavender aroma can quickly alter brain activity and enhance sleep quality.
5. Pinene
Known for its fresh, earthy pine scent, pinene is a naturally occurring bicyclic compound and one of the most prevalent monoterpenes found in cannabis. Although research is still ongoing, pinene has shown promise for several therapeutic benefits. Studies suggest it may help alleviate anxiety and act as a bronchodilator, helping to open up airways and support easier breathing, which could be useful for those with respiratory conditions.
6. Beta-caryophyllene (BCP)
BCP is often the dominant terpene in cannabis, particularly when the buds are exposed to heat. This terpene has gained recognition for its powerful anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immune-boosting properties.
Beta-caryophyllene is also a key player in the entourage effect, wherein cannabinoids and terpenes work together to enhance their overall effectiveness compared to when they’re used alone.
Understanding the Potential Medical Effects of Terpenes
As mentioned, certain terpenes have been found to possess sedative, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, among others.
For instance, research has shown that myrcene enhanced glucose tolerance in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, performing comparably to metformin, while having no impact on glucose levels in healthy rats. Additionally, myrcene exhibited strong anti-inflammatory and anticatabolic properties in a human chondrocyte model of osteoarthritis.
Similarly, beta-caryophyllene has been found to demonstrate anti-cancer and pain-relieving properties, showing great potential as a complementary support to traditional cancer treatments.
While numerous studies have shown promising results, further research is still needed to fully understand the medical benefits of terpenes. Always consult your doctor before trying out cannabis terpenes for medicinal purposes.
Entourage Effect: How Terpenes and Cannabinoids Work Together
The entourage effect refers to how cannabinoids and terpenes work together to elevate the overall impact of cannabis.
Research shows that terpenes can enhance the activity of cannabinoids and even mimic some of their effects. They also interact with other receptor systems, such as serotonin and dopamine, which allows them to influence the overall impact of cannabis in various ways.
For instance, myrcene may help amplify the pain-relieving effects of cannabinoids by increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This allows more cannabinoids to reach the brain, boosting their impact.
Similarly, CBD has been shown to help manage mood disorders like depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. A study found that the terpene limonene, when inhaled by mice, had anxiety-reducing effects similar to those of the drug diazepam. When combined with CBD, limonene can potentially enhance its calming effects and offer fast-acting relief.
How Terpenes Influence the Taste and Smell of Cannabis Strains
Every terpene carries its own distinct flavor and aroma, ranging from bright citrus and fruity notes to rich musky and earthy tones. The flavor profile of a cannabis strain is shaped by the unique blend of terpenes it contains, creating a complex sensory experience.
Different consumption methods, like vaporizing or smoking, impact how terpenes are experienced. Vaporizing at lower temperatures preserves delicate terpenes, offering a cleaner, more pronounced flavor profile that highlights the strain’s subtle layers. Smoking, with its higher heat, can degrade some terpenes, muting their flavors. However, it can still deliver a richer, fuller-bodied experience by enhancing the depth of certain terpenes while reducing others.
No matter if you’re vaping, smoking, or enjoying edibles, take your time and concentrate on the terpene flavors. Take a slow, deliberate inhale, focusing on the initial burst of cannabis flavors and aromas as they unfold, and savor the lingering aftertaste.
Experience the Power of Terpenes at Shango
Whether you’re seeking relaxation, pain relief, or an uplifting boost, understanding the effects of terpenes can help elevate and tailor your experience to your unique goals.
At Shango, we provide a top-quality range of CBD products, including tinctures, flowers, and edibles for medical and recreational use. From experimenting with various edibles to trying cannabis strains that inspire creativity, we have all the products you need.
Shop online now or visit one of our Shango locations to find the perfect cannabis flavors for you.
